BIO TECHNOLOGY

Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics.They are identified as a class ... > full article Somatic cell -- A somatic cell is generally taken to mean any cell forming the body of an organism. Somatic cells, by definition, are not germline cells. In mammals, germline cells are the sperm and ova (also known ... > full article Genetically modified organism -- A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using techniques in genetics generally known as recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology Research of DNA & RNA DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis of a pigment cell line in culture were studied by autoradiography using H3-thymidine, H3-uridine, H3-leucine, and H3-tyrosine. The pigmented cells (group I, II) synthesized DNA and RNA to the same extent as the nonpigmented ones. This finding indicates that pigmented cells proliferate and metabolize as actively as nonpigmented ones. The uptake of H3-leucine which represented a nonspecific protein synthesis was less, and that of H3-tyrosine which included melanin synthesis as well as protein synthesis was more in the pigmented cells than in the nonpigmented ones. The cells packed with melanin granules (group III) showed minimal amounts of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, but they incorporated H3-tyrosine as actively as the other cell types, indicating active melanin synthesis. The heavily pigmented cells were nonproliferating and specialized in melanin synthesis. Some evidence of the protective effects of melanin granules against the damaging effects of UVL was shown. Puromycin inhibited the uptake of H3-leucine by both pigmented and nonpigmented cells, and completely inhibited the uptake of H3-tyrosine by the nonpigmented cells. The pigmented cells, however, incorporated H3-tyrosine in the presence of puromycin. The incorporated H3-tyrosine was not removed by digestion with trypsin and pronase. These results suggest that the uptake of H3-tyrosine in the presence of puromycin was due to melanin synthesis. The pigmented cells which showed peripheral localization of melanin granules and a clear perinuclear zone devoid of melanin granules were not labeled with H3-tyrosine in the presence of puromycin, in contrast to heavy labeling of those showing diffuse distribution of melanin granules. This fact indicates the existence of the active and inactive phase of melanin synthesis in the life cycle of these cells.Like it or not, it is irreversible. And thanks to the Internet, the knowledge is globally available. Technical Brain Biological technology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity has come up with one of many definitions of biotechnology:[1] "Biotechnology means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use." Before the 1970s, the term, biotechnology, was primarily used in the food processing and agriculture industries. Since the 1970s, it began to be used by the Western scientific establishment to refer to laboratory-based techniques being developed in biological research, such as recombinant DNA or tissue culture-based processes. In fact, the term should be used in a much broader sense to describe the whole range of methods, both ancient and modern, used to manipulate organic matter to meet human needs. So the term can be defined as, "The application of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods and services of use to human beings.[2] There has been a great deal of talk - and money - poured into biotechnology with the hope that miracle drugs will appear. While there do seem to be a small number of efficacious drugs, in general the biotech revolution has not happened in the pharmaceutical sector. However, recent progress with monoclonal antibody based drugs, such as Genentech's Avastin (tm) suggest that biotech may finally have found a role in pharmaceutical sales. Work at continues on developing and publishing expert consensus papers, to help regulators evaluating the safety of a growing number of major crop plants and traits being modified by modern biotechnology. At least now in the developed world we have well-established systems for managing the safety of food, pharma-ceuticals, agrochemicals. An enzyme present in extracts from calf thymus degrades specifically the RNA moiety of DNA-RNA hybrids. Other nucleic acids, such as single- or double-stranded DNA and single- or double-stranded RNA, are not affected to a comparable degree. If prepared free of the hybrid-degrading enzyme, RNA polymerase from calf thymus shows a fivefold increase in activity on denatured DNA as compared to native DNA.Today, we realize that many of these pessimistic predictions were incorrect in part because of Moore’s Law. The biology of gene sequencing has now been automated and roboticized, with the power of computers doubling every 18 months and results being shared instantly on the internet. This is one of the most important factors driving the ever-accelerating pace of biotechnology. This, in turn, has translated into a new Moore’s Law for biotechnology: that the number of genes which are sequenced doubles every year. This means that the cost of sequencing a DNA base pair went down from $5 per base pair to a few cents today. Within 20 years, we may have personalized DNA sequencing and also an “encyclopedia of life” in which all major life forms are decoded. This new Moore’s Law, in turn, allows one to make rough predictions about the progress of biotechnology into the next 20 years. Although predictions mentioned here are inevitably based on incomplete information, they will hopefully serve as a useful guide to make plausible projections for the future.